Wireless and Mobile Data Networks

CONTENTS
PREFACE xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxix
1. WIRELESS DATA—INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Wireless Voice / 2
1.1.1. Fixed Minimum Bandwidth / 2
1.1.2. Vague Definition of Service Quality / 3
1.1.3. Delay Requirements / 4
1.2. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) / 5
1.2.1. Ad Hoc WLAN / 5
1.2.2. Infrastructure WLAN / 6
1.3. Wide Area Cellular Networks / 7
1.4. Fixed Wireless Networks / 8
1.5. Personal Area Networks / 10
1.6. Satellite-Based Data Networks / 10
1.7. Mobile IP / 12
1.8. The Wireless Spectrum / 13
1.8.1. Licensed and License-Free Bands / 14
1.8.2. Low-Power Wireless Data Systems / 14
1.8.3. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) / 14
1.8.4. The ISM Band / 15
1.8.5. U-NII Spectrum / 16
1.8.6. Cellular Systems’ Spectrum / 16
1.8.7. Fixed Wireless Systems / 17
1.8.8. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) / 20
1.8.9. Satellite Data Communications / 20
References / 21
2. REFERENCE ARCHITECTURES FOR WIRELESS DATA
NETWORKS 23
2.1. Bluetooth TM / 24
2.1.1. Bluetooth Radio / 252.1.2. Baseband Layer / 26
2.1.3. Link Management Protocol (LMP) / 26
2.1.4. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol Layer
(L2CAP) / 26
2.1.5. Bluetooth Profiles / 26
2.1.5.1. Generic Access Profile (GAP) / 26
2.1.5.2. Service Discovery Application Profile
(SDAP) / 27
2.2. IEEE 802.11 / 27
2.2.1. Physical Layer (PHY) / 29
2.2.1.1. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
Sublayer / 29
2.2.1.2. Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
(PLCP) / 29
2.2.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer / 30
2.2.2.1. Contention Windows / 30
2.2.3. Layer and Station Management Planes / 31
2.3. HIPERLAN/2 / 32
2.3.1. Physical Layer / 32
2.3.1.1. Link Adaptation / 33
2.3.2. Data Link Control Layer / 33
2.3.2.1. MAC / 33
2.3.2.2. Radio Link Control (RLC) / 33
2.3.2.3. Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) / 33
2.3.2.4. Error Control (EC) / 34
2.3.3. Convergence Layer (CL) / 34
2.4. Broadband Wireless Access Networks / 35
2.4.1. The User Plane / 36
2.4.2. MAC Layer / 36
2.4.2.1. Convergence Sublayer (CS) / 37
2.4.2.2. MAC Common Part Sublayer (CPS) / 37
2.4.2.3. Privacy Sublayer / 37
2.4.3. PHY / 37
2.4.4. IEEE 802.16a / 37
2.4.5. Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
Network / 38
2.5. Cellular Data Networks / 38
2.5.1. North American and European Cellular Networks / 38
2.5.2. Voice-Grade Modems / 39
2.5.3. Relative Look at Cellular Network Generations / 40
2.5.4. Core Network / 42
2.6. Summary / 43
References / 43
3. COMPONENTS OF A WIRELESS LAN 47
3.1. Local Area Networks (LANs) / 48
3.1.1. LAN Interconnection (Topology) / 49
3.1.2. Addressing Mechanisms / 50
3.1.3. Medium Specification / 50
3.1.4. Physical Layer Mechanisms / 51
3.1.5. Data Link Control Layer / 51
3.1.6. Traffic Differentiation / 51
3.1.7. WAN/LAN Connection / 51
3.2. Wireless LAN Components / 52
3.2.1. Physical Layer Components / 52
3.2.1.1. Station Types / 52
3.2.1.2. Channel Media / 53
3.2.1.3. Physical Link / 53
3.2.1.4. Signal Conditioning / 53
3.2.1.5. Interference-Reduction Mechanisms / 54
3.2.1.6. Modulation of Signals / 56
3.2.1.7. Data Transmission / 56
3.2.1.8. Convergence Procedures / 56
3.2.1.9. Rate Selection Capability / 56
3.2.1.10. Synchronization, Flow and Error-Control
Capabilities / 57
3.2.1.11. Physical Layer Management / 57
3.2.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
Components / 58
3.2.2.1. Network Configurations / 58
3.2.2.2. Channel Access / 58
3.2.2.3. Multiple Access / 59
3.2.2.4. User and Data Privacy / 62
3.2.2.5. Power-Management Mechanisms / 63
3.2.2.6. Fragmentation / 63
3.2.2.7. Multimedia Service / 64
3.2.2.8. Packet Forwarding / 64
3.2.2.9. Mobility Support / 64
3.2.2.10. MAC Layer Management / 65
3.2.2.11. MAC Frames / 65
3.2.2.12. Teleconferencing Capability / 65
3.2.3. Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer / 66
References / 66
4. WLANs: THE PHYSICAL LAYER 67
4.1. IEEE 802.11 Standards Suite / 68
4.1.1. Station Types / 68
4.1.2. Channel Media / 69
4.1.3. Physical Links / 69
4.1.4. Signal Conditioning / 70
4.1.5. IEEE 802.11g PHY / 70
4.2. Interference Rejection Using Barker Sequence, OFDM and
CCK / 72
4.2.1. 11-Bit Barker Sequence / 73
4.2.2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) / 75
4.2.3. Complementary Code Keying (CCK) / 76
4.2.4. PHY Data Transmission / 77
4.2.4.1. PLCP Frame Format for 802.11 Series / 78
4.2.4.2. Meanings of Frame Fields / 78
4.3. HIPERLAN PHY / 79
4.3.1. Station Types / 81
4.3.2. Channel Media / 81
4.3.3. Signal Conditioning / 81
4.3.4. Modulation and Coding / 81
4.3.5. Data Transmission, Convergence and Rate
Selectivity / 82
4.3.6. PHY Management / 82
4.4. Summary / 83
References / 83
5. WLANs: MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL 85
5.1. IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control / 86
5.1.1. Network Configurations / 86
5.1.2. Channel Access in IEEE 802.11 / 86
5.1.3. Channel Sensing / 87
5.1.4. Collision Avoidance / 88
5.1.4.1. Prioritizing IFS / 88
5.1.4.2. Random Backoff / 88
5.1.4.3. Discouraging Multiple Transmissions / 89
5.1.4.4. Binary Exponential Backoff / 89
5.1.4.5. Contention Window / 89
5.1.5. Multiple Access in IEEE 802.11 / 89
5.1.6. DCF Transmission / 91
5.1.7. PCF Transmission / 92
5.1.8. User and Data Privacy / 92
5.1.8.1. User Authentication / 92
5.1.8.2. Data Encryption / 93
5.1.9. Power Management / 94
5.1.10. Fragmentation / 95
5.1.11. Multimedia Support / 95
5.2. IEEE 802.11e factor / 95
5.2.1. Enhanced Station / 96
5.2.2. Hybrid Coordinator / 96
5.2.3. Enhanced DCF (EDCF) / 96
5.2.4. Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) / 97
5.2.4.1. TXOP / 97
5.3. Routing and Mobility Support / 98
5.3.1. No Transition / 98
5.3.2. BSS Transition / 98
5.3.3. ESS Transition / 98
5.4. MAC Layer Management / 99
5.5. MAC Frames / 99
CONTENTS xi
TEAM LinG5.6. Multicasting Capability / 100
5.7. HIPERLAN MAC / 100
5.7.1. Network Configuration / 100
5.7.2. Channel Access / 101
5.7.2.1. Contention / 101
5.7.2.2. Yield / 101
5.7.3. Multiple Access / 102
5.8. HIPERLAN 2 / 103
5.8.1. Channel Access / 103
5.8.2. Multiple Access / 103
5.8.3. Broadcast Phase / 103
5.8.4. Downlink Phase / 104
5.8.5. Uplink Phase / 104
5.8.6. Direct Link / 104
5.8.7. Random Access Phases / 104
5.9. User and Data Privacy / 104
5.10. Power Management / 105
5.11. Multimedia Services / 105
5.12. Routing / 106
5.13. Mobility Support / 107
5.14. MAC Frame / 107
5.15. Teleconferencing Capability / 108
5.16. Data Link Control (DLC) Layer / 109
References / 109
6. MOBILITY AND INTERNET PROTOCOLS 113
6.1. Mobility in Internet Applications / 114
6.1.1. Reconnectivity / 114
6.1.2. Portability / 114
6.1.3. Micromobility / 115
6.2. Internet Protocols for Mobility / 117
6.3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) / 117
6.3.1. SIP versus H.323 and HTTP / 117
6.3.2. SIP Provisions / 118
6.3.3. SIP Request Types / 118
6.3.4. SIP Response Types / 120
6.3.5. SIP Operation / 120
6.3.6. SIP and Cellular Networks / 121
6.3.7. SIP and 3GPP, 3GPP2 / 123
xii CONTENTS
TEAM LinG6.4. Mobile IP / 123
6.4.1. Mobile IP Components / 124
6.4.1.1. Mobile Host (MH) / 124
6.4.1.2. Home Address / 124
6.4.1.3. Correspondent Host (CH) / 124
6.4.1.4. Mobile Home Agent (HA) / 124
6.4.1.5. Mobile Foreign Agent (FA) / 124
6.4.1.6. Mobility Agent (MA) / 124
6.4.1.7. Mobility Detection / 124
6.4.2. Agent Discovery / 125
6.4.3. Registration / 125
6.4.4. De-registration / 125
6.4.5. Care-of Address (CoA) / 126
6.4.6. Tunneling / 126
6.4.7. Mobile IP Usage Scenario / 127
6.4.8. Security Measures in Mobile IP / 129
6.4.9. Limitations of Mobile IP / 129
6.4.10. Mobile IP Messages / 132
6.4.11. Internet Standards for Cellular Networks / 132
6.5. Mobility Management in an Access Network / 133
6.5.1. Address Allocation / 133
6.5.2. Data Communications / 133
6.5.3. Mobility / 134
6.6. Cellular IP / 134
6.6.1. Components of a Cellular IP System / 135
6.6.1.1. Active and Passive Mobile Hosts / 135
6.6.1.2. Base Station / 135
6.6.1.3. Gateway Router / 135
6.6.1.4. Base Station Routing Cache / 135
6.6.1.5. Route Update Packet / 136
6.6.1.6. Uplink/Downlink Packet / 136
6.6.1.7. Semisoft Handoff / 136
6.6.1.8. Paging Area / 136
6.6.1.9. Paging Update Packet / 136
6.6.1.10. Paging Cache / 136
6.6.2. cIP Usage Scenario / 136
6.6.2.1. Hard Handoff / 138
6.6.2.2. Semisoft Handoff / 138
6.6.3. cIP and Mobile IP / 138
CONTENTS xiii
TEAM LinG6.7. IPv6 and Mobility Management / 139
6.7.1. Expanded Address Space / 139
6.7.2. Efficient HA Registration / 139
6.7.3. Autoconfiguration of IP Addresses / 139
6.7.4. Mobility Detection / 140
6.7.5. Optimized Routing / 140
6.7.5.1. Higher Layer Bindings / 140
6.7.6. Security / 140
6.7.7. Micromobility / 141
6.7.8. Network Support for Application-Level Mobile IPv6 / 141
6.7.9. Internet and Cellular Networking / 141
References / 142
7. DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS:
CDMA2000 145
7.1. Business Wireless Data Networks / 146
7.1.1. Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Network / 147
7.1.2. ARDIS / 147
7.1.3. RAM Data Networks / 147
7.2. Cellular Data Networks / 148
7.2.1. Cooperation Explosion / 148
7.2.2. 3G Air Interfaces / 149
7.2.3. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) / 151
7.3. Release D for cdma2000 Based Access / 151
7.3.1. Fast Call Setup (FCS) / 152
7.3.2. Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) / 152
7.3.3. Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS) / 153
7.4. cdma2000 Standard / 153
7.4.1. CDMA Timescale / 155
7.4.2. Physical Layer (PHY) / 155
7.4.2.1. Radio Configuration (RC) / 155
7.4.2.2. Access Channel / 155
7.4.2.3. Reverse Packet Data Channel (R-PDCH)—
10 ms (19.2 kbps–1.84 Mbps) / 155
7.4.2.4. Transmission / 158
7.4.2.5. Forwards Packet Data Channel / 160
7.5. cdma2000 Medium Access Control / 160
7.5.1. Mux and QoS (MaQ) Sublayer / 162
7.5.2. Access Channel Procedures / 162
xiv CONTENTS
TEAM LinG7.5.3. Packet Data Channel Control Functions (PDCHCF) / 163
7.5.3.1. Forward PDCHCF (FPDCHCF) / 164
7.5.3.2. Reverse PDCHCF (RPDCHCF) / 164
7.6. All-IP Architecture / 164
7.6.1. Networking Elements / 164
7.6.1.1. Access Gateway (AGW) / 164
7.6.1.2. Authentication Center (AC) / 164
7.6.1.3. Base Station (BS) / 164
7.6.1.4. Call Session Control Function (CSCF) / 164
7.6.1.5. Databases / 165
7.6.1.6. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) / 165
7.6.1.7. Home Agent (HA) / 165
7.6.1.8. Home Location Register (HLR) / 165
7.6.1.9. Interworking Function (IWF) / 165
7.6.1.10. Media Gateway (MGW) / 165
7.6.1.11. Media Resource Function Processor
(MRFP) / 165
7.6.1.12. Mobile Station (MS) / 165
7.6.1.13. Mobility Management (MM) / 166
7.6.1.14. Mobile Switching Center (MSC) / 166
7.6.1.15. Message Center (MC) / 166
7.6.1.16. OSA-Service Capability Server
(OSA-SCS) / 166
7.6.1.17. Packet Control Function (PCF) / 166
7.6.1.18. Policy Decision Function (PDF) / 166
7.6.1.20. Visitor Location Register (VLR) / 166
7.6.2. Planar Architecture / 166
7.6.2.1. Access Plane / 167
7.6.2.2. Network Plane / 167
7.6.2.3. Multimedia Bearer Plane / 169
7.6.2.4. Multimedia Application Server Control
Plane / 169
7.7. Summary / 169
References / 170
8. DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS:
W-CDMA 173
8.1. Components of the UMTS Network / 174
8.2. UMTS Network Domains / 175
CONTENTS xv
TEAM LinG8.2.1. UE Domain / 176
8.2.2. Infrastructure Domain / 176
8.3. Strata / 177
8.4. Radio Access Network (RAN) / 177
8.4.1. Transport and Logical Channels / 178
8.4.2. Physical Layer (PHY) / 178
8.5. UMTS Services / 179
8.6. Improvements Over Release 99 / 179
8.7. IMS System Concepts / 185
8.7.1. Internet Multimedia Core Network (IM-CN) / 186
8.7.2. IP Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) / 186
8.7.3. Terminals / 186
8.8. Session Layer Architecture / 186
8.8.1. Interrogation CSCF (I-CSCF) / 186
8.8.2. Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) / 187
8.8.3. Server CSCF (S-CSCF) / 187
8.8.4. Home Subscriber Server (HSS) / 187
8.8.5. Media Gateways and Associated Control Functions
(MGW, MGCF, SGW, BGCF) / 187
8.8.6. Media Resource Functions (MRF) / 188
8.9. Open Service Access (OSA) / 188
8.9.1. OSA Interfaces / 188
8.9.2. OSA Functions / 190
8.9.2.1. Framework (FW) Functions of OSA / 190
8.9.2.2. Network Function of OSA / 190
8.9.2.3. User Data Related Functions of OSA / 190
8.10. Parlay / 191
8.10.1. Parlay Background / 191
8.11. IPv4/IPv6 Scenarios Towards All-IP Infrastructure / 192
8.11.1. GPRS Scenarios / 192
8.11.2. IMS Scenarios / 194
8.12. 3GPP Release 6 Objectives / 194
8.13. Summary / 194
References / 195
9. SECURITY IN WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS 197
9.1. Ascribing Security to a Network / 198
9.1.1. Why Are Wireless Network Devices a Bigger
Challenge? / 199
xvi CONTENTS
TEAM LinG9.2. Security Network Architecture / 199
9.2.1. Securing a Standalone Device / 201
9.2.2. Securing a Networked Device / 201
9.2.3. Securing a Wireless Networked Device / 202
9.3. Secure Operating System (SOS) / 203
9.4. Components of Security System / 205
9.4.1. Protocols / 206
9.4.1.1. Authentication / 206
9.4.1.2. Association/Registration / 206
9.4.1.3. Re-association/Visitor Registration / 206
9.4.1.4. Wireline Equivalence Privacy (WEP) / 206
9.4.1.5. IPsec / 207
9.4.1.6. SSL / 207
9.4.1.7. EAP / 207
9.4.2. Algorithms / 207
9.4.2.1. Encryption / 208
9.4.2.2. Secret-Key Algorithms / 208
9.4.2.3. Public-Key Algorithms / 208
9.4.2.3.1. How Is Two-Key Cipher
Possible? / 209
9.4.2.4. Block and Stream Ciphers / 211
9.4.2.5. Rounds, Key-Size and Data Block / 211
9.4.3. Examples of Encryption Algorithms / 211
9.4.3.1. Advanced Encryption System (AES) / 211
9.4.3.2. Data Encryption System (DES) and Triple
DES / 212
9.4.3.3. f8 Algorithm / 212
9.4.3.4. RC4 / 212
9.4.4. Hash Algorithms / 213
9.4.4.1. Message Digest (MD) / 213
9.4.4.2. Message Authentication Code (MAC) / 213
9.4.4.3. Digital Signature (DS) / 214
9.4.4.4. Digital Certificate (DC) / 214
9.4.5. Examples of Hash Algorithms / 214
9.4.5.1. SHA-1 / 214
9.4.5.2. MD5 / 214
9.4.5.3. H-MAC / 214
9.4.5. Key / 215
9.4.5.1. Key-Generation Algorithms / 215
CONTENTS xvii
TEAM LinG9.4.5.1.1. Diffie-Hellman (DH)
Algorithm / 217
9.4.5.1.2. RSA Algorithm / 218
9.4.5.2. Server-Based Key Management / 218
9.4.5.3. Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) / 219
9.4.5.4. Other Key Infrastructure / 221
9.5. Wireline Equivalent Privacy (WEP) / 221
9.5.1. WEP Architecture / 221
9.5.2. WEP Vulnerabilities / 222
9.6. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) / 223
9.6.1. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) / 223
9.6.1.1. Michael / 224
9.6.1.2. IV Sequence Enforcement / 224
9.6.1.3. Key Mixing / 224
9.6.1.4. Rekeying / 224
9.6.2. TKIP Encapsulation Process / 225
9.6.3. WPA Authentication / 226
9.6.3.1. RADIUS-Based Authentication / 226
9.6.3.2. Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Authentication / 226
9.7. IEEE 802.11i / 227
9.7.1. Master Key (MK) / 227
9.7.2. Pairwise Master Key (PMK) / 228
9.7.3. Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) / 228
9.7.4. IEEE 802.11i and WPA / 229
9.8. Security in Cellular Networks / 229
9.8.1. WCDMA Security Architecture / 230
9.8.1.1. User Confidentiality / 231
9.8.1.2. Mutual Authentication / 231
9.8.1.3. Data Integrity and Encryption / 232
9.8.1.4. Flexibility / 232
9.8.2. Security in cdma2000 / 232
9.8.2.1. Using the A-Key / 232
9.8.2.2. Amendments from Earlier Generations / 233
9.9. Final Word / 233
9.9.1. Alternative View / 234
References / 235
10. ROUTING IN WIRELESS LANs 239
10.1. Routing in Infrastructure Networks / 240
10.2. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks / 241
xviii CONTENTS
TEAM LinG10.2.1. Characteristics of MANETs / 242
10.2.2. Goals of the IETF MANET Working Group / 242
10.2.3. Sources of Failure in MANETs / 242
10.2.3.1. Topological Failures / 242
10.2.3.2. Channel Failures / 242
10.2.3.3. Protocol Failures / 242
10.3. Characteristics of a Good Routing Protocol / 243
10.3.1. Performance Metrics / 243
10.3.2. Networking Context / 243
10.4. Classifications of Routing Protocols / 244
10.4.1. Pro-Active and Reactive Routing / 244
10.4.2. Link State Versus Distance Vector / 244
10.5. Routing Phases / 245
10.6. Routing Mechanisms / 245
10.6.1. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) / 245
10.6.2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) / 246
10.6.3. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) / 247
10.6.4. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
(AODV) / 247
10.6.5. Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
(TORA) / 247
10.6.6. Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) / 247
10.6.7. Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network (MMWN) / 248
10.6.8. Transmission Power Optimization / 248
10.6.8.1. Flow Augmentation Routing (FAR) / 248
10.6.8.2. Online Max-Min Routing (OMMR) / 248
10.6.8.3. Power-Aware Localized Routing (PLR) / 248
10.6.8.4. Minimum Energy Routing (MER) / 248
10.6.8.5. Retransmission-Energy Aware Routing
(RAR) / 248
10.6.8.6. Smallest Common Power (COMPOW) / 248
10.6.9. Load Distribution Protocols / 249
10.6.9.1. Localized Energy-Aware Routing
(LEAR) / 249
10.6.10. SPAN Protocol / 249
10.6.11. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) / 249
10.6.12. Prototype Embedded Network (PEN) / 249
10.7. Performance Comparison / 249
10.8. Multicasting / 250
10.8.1. Mobility Support Using Multicast IP (MSM-IP) / 250
CONTENTS xix
TEAM LinG10.8.2. Multicast Routing in MANETs / 251
10.9. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol / 251
10.9.1. Protocol Operation / 251
10.9.1.1. Route Caching / 251
10.9.1.2. Route Discovery / 251
10.9.1.3. Data Transmission Phase / 253
10.9.1.4. Route Maintenance / 254
10.9.2. Flow State Option / 256
10.9.3. DSR Packet / 256
10.10. Selecting the Best Route / 256
10.10.1. Topology of Fixed Ad-Hoc Networks / 257
10.10.1.1. Topology Index / 258
10.10.2. Effect of Mobility / 258
10.10.2.1. Mobility and Displacement / 259
10.10.2.2. Mobility and Path Loss Models / 260
10.10.3. Residual Battery / 262
10.10.4. Example of Application of Above Results / 263
10.10.5. Discussion / 265
10.11. WLAN Routing Through Cellular Network Infrastructure / 266
10.11.1. Introduction to OWLAN / 266
10.11.2. Design Objectives / 266
10.11.3. OWLAN System Architecture / 267
10.11.4. System Elements / 267
10.11.4.1. Authentication Server (AS) / 269
10.11.4.2. Access Controller (AC) / 269
10.11.4.3. Mobile Terminal (MT) / 269
10.11.5. System Operation / 269
10.11.5.1. MT (Mobile Terminal) / 269
10.11.5.2. AC (Access Controller) / 270
10.11.5.3. AS (Authentication Server) / 270
10.12. Routing in Personal Area Networks / 270
10.13. Summary / 270
References / 271
11. WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS AND
ULTRAWIDE BAND COMMUNICATIONS 275
11.1. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) / 276
11.2. Terminology for WPANs / 278
xx CONTENTS
TEAM LinG11.3. IEEE 802.15.1 Standard / 278
11.3.1. Bluetooth Components / 279
11.3.1.1. Bluetooth Stations / 279
11.3.1.2. Network Configurations / 279
11.3.1.3. Channel Media / 280
11.3.1.4. Logical Channels / 281
11.3.2. Bluetooth Network Operation / 282
11.3.2.1. Access / 283
11.3.2.2. Link Establishment / 283
11.3.2.3. Synchronous Transmission Scenario / 284
11.3.2.4. Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL)
Mode / 284
11.3.3. Bluetooth Summary / 285
11.4. Higher Data Rate PANs (IEEE 802.15.3) / 285
11.4.1. High-Data-Rate Piconet (HDR-PN) / 285
11.4.1.1. Piconet Controller (PNC) / 286
11.4.1.2. Piconet Device (DEV) / 286
11.4.1.3. Piconet Hierarchy / 286
11.4.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer / 287
11.4.2.1. MAC Superframe / 287
11.4.2.2. Beacon / 287
11.4.2.3. Contention Access Period (CAP) / 287
11.4.2.4. Channel Time Allocation Period
(CTAP) / 287
11.4.2.5. Private CTA / 288
11.4.3. IEEE 802.15.3 Physical Layer (PHY) / 288
11.5. Ultra Wideband (UWB) Spectrum / 290
11.5.1. UWB PHY for IEEE 802.15.3a / 291
11.5.2. DS-UWB (Direct Sequence—Ultra Wideband) / 292
11.5.2.1. Modulation / 292
11.5.3. Multi-Band OFDM PHY Proposal / 293
11.6. Low Data Rate WPANs (LR-WPANs) and IEEE 802.15.4 / 295
11.6.1. Network Configuration / 297
11.6.1.1. Star Topology / 297
11.6.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Topology / 298
11.6.2. LR-PAN Physical Layer (PHY) / 298
11.6.3. LR-PAN Medium Access Control (MAC) / 299
11.6.3.1. MAC Features / 299
11.6.3.2. Synchronization and Data Transfer / 299
CONTENTS xxi
TEAM LinG11.6.3.3. Beacons / 301
11.6.3.4. Active and Inactive Portions / 301
11.6.3.5. Contention Access Period (CAP) and
Contention-Free Period (CFP) / 301
11.6.4. Data Transfer Modes / 301
11.6.5. MAC Frames / 302
11.6.6. MAC Security / 303
11.7. Summary / 303
References / 303
12. BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS (BWA) 305
12.1. Line-of-Site (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Site (NLoS) Systems / 307
12.2. Effect of Antenna Type / 308
12.3. BWA Spectrum / 308
12.4. BRAN versus WirelessMAN TM / 309
12.5. IEEE WirelessMAN TM / 311
12.5.1. WirelessMAN Station Types / 312
12.5.1.1. Base Station (BS) / 312
12.5.1.2. Subscriber’s Station (SS) / 312
12.5.2. Network Topologies / 312
12.5.2.1. Bandwidth Stealing / 314
12.5.2.2. Adaptive Modulation / 314
12.5.2.3. Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) / 314
12.5.3. WirelessMAN Protocol Architecture / 314
12.5.4. MAC Sublayer / 314
12.5.4.1. Service Flow / 315
12.5.4.2. MAC PDU / 315
12.5.4.2.1. MAC Header / 315
12.5.4.2.2. CRC / 316
12.5.4.3. Transmission of MAC PDU / 317
12.5.4.4. QoS Provisioning / 318
12.5.4.5. Distributed and Centralized Scheduling in
eWMAN / 318
12.5.4.6. Duplexing Techniques / 318
12.5.4.7. Bandwidth Management / 321
12.5.4.8. Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) / 321
12.5.4.9. Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) / 321
12.5.4.10. Other MAC Sublayers / 322
12.5.5. WirelessMAN PHYs / 323
xxii CONTENTS
TEAM LinG12.5.6. WMAN PHY (10–66 GHz) / 323
12.5.6.1. PHY Frame / 323
12.5.6.2. Downlink Frames / 324
12.5.6.2. Uplink PHY Frame / 325
12.5.6.3. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
Sublayer / 327
12.6. IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA) / 328
12.6.1. Objectives / 330
12.7. Cellular and Satellite Networks as Wireless Local Loops
(WLL)s / 330
References / 331
APPENDIX: OVERVIEW AND GUIDE TO THE IEEE 802 LMSC 333
INDEX 343

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